History of Haryana in one eye

History of Haryana in One Eye

History of Haryana

Ancient History of Haryana

The present day Haryana is the region where, along the banks of the river Saraswati, The Vedic civilisation began and matured. It was here that Lord Krishna preached Bhagvad Gita before the start of the battle of Mahabharata. It was on this soil that Saint Ved Vyas wrote Mahabharata in Sanskrit.
Haryana has a proud history going back to the Vedic Age. The state was the home of the legendary Bharata dynasty, which has given the name Bharat to India. Haryana finds mention in the great epic of Mahabharata. It was here that Lord Krishna preached Bhagvad Gita at the start of the Battle of Mahabharata, the place of the epic battle between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, is situated in Haryana. The state continued to lay a leading part in the history of India till the advent of the Muslims and the rise of Delhi as the imperial capital of India.
Thereafter, Haryana functioned as an subsidiary to Delhi and practically remained anonymous till the First War of India’s Independence in 1857. When the rebellion was crushed and the British administration was re-established, the Nawabs of Jhajjar and and Bahadurgarh, Raja of Ballabhgarh and Rao Tula Ram of Rewari of the Haryana region were deprived of their territories.
Their territories were either merged with the British territories or handed over to the rulers of Patiala, Nabha and Jind. Haryana thus, became a part of the Punjab province. with the reorganisation of Punjab on 1st November, 1966, Haryana was made into a full-fledged state. The state is bound by Uttar Pradesh in the East, Punjab in the West, Himachal Pradesh in the North and Rajasthan in the South. The National Capital Territory of Delhi excape into Haryana.

Origin of Name of Haryana

The earliest reference of Haryana occurs in a Chahamana inscription describing Arnoraja as carrying arms into Haritanaka i.e. Haryana. According to one view, Haryana is derived from Hariyali i.e. greenery, which indicates that at one time it was a rich and fertile land. Some people trace the origin of the name to Raja Harish Chandra of Oudh, who is said to have first settled in this part of the country. According to Dr HR Gupta, Haryana originated from word Aryana, the home of the Aryans, as Rajputana is the land of Rajputs, Bhattiana, the abode of Bhattis and Ludhiana, the habitat of Lodhis.

Sources of History of Haryana

Archeological Excavations

Archaeological discoveries at Sugh show that Haryana was a part of Mauryan empire, Ashokan pillars at Topra (Ambala) and Hisar and its stupas at Chaneti and Thanesar also substantiate this view.

Atharva Veda and Brahmanas

The antiquity of Haryana is also established by references in Atharvaveda and Brahmanas. The Kurus are mentioned as prominent people, who gave their name to Kurukshetra and made it home of Vedic culture.

Mahabharata

It was on the banks of river Saraswati that Saint Ved Vyas wrote Mahabharata, approximately in 900 BC. Lord Krishna preached Bhagvad Gita, the gospel of duty, to Arjuna at the onset of the great Battle of Mahabharata. Since then, this profound philosophy of the ‘supremacy of duty’ has become the foundation of Hinduism, Indian culture and thought. The Mahabharata knows Haryana as Bahudhhanyaka, the land of plentiful grains and Bahudhana, the land of immense riches. Findings of pottery, sculpture and jewellery in sites at Pehowa, Kurukshetra, Tilpat and Panipat have proved the historicity of the Mahabharata War.

Importance of Haryana in History

Haryana-The Home of Aryans According to eminent historians like AC Das and RK Mukherji, the original home of Aryans was the region called Haryana.
The banks of the river Saraswati were their earliest settlements. It was from here that they later migrated to other parts of India, Asia and Europe.
The focus of Aryan culture was the region between the Jamuna (Yamuna) and Sutlej, South of modem Ambala and along the upper course of the river Saraswati.
Haryana was a part of Harappan Civilisation (2500-1700 BC) various archeological sites in Haryana like Naurangabad and Mitathal in Bhiwani, Kunal in Fatehabad, Agroha and Rakhigarhi near Hisar and Banawali in Sirsa, show the evidence that Haryana was a part of Harappan culture.

Harappan Civilisation (2500-1700 BC)

Vedic civilisation and Harappan civilisation almost grew together at the banks of river Saraswati in Haryana. Haryana was the outermost location of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation with centres such as Banawali and Rakhigarhi. The most extensive centre, Rakhigarhi, is now a village in Hisar district. The site is dated to be over 5000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, Terracotta brick, statue production and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) has been uncovered.

Banawali

At Banawali, evidence of ploughed fields has been found. Large quantity of barley and evidence of growing of sesame and mustard have also been found. The use of wooden plough for ploughing the fields was prevalent. The mound in Banawali, 15 km from Fatehabad, reveals a fortified town.

Kunal

Kunal seems to be a pre-Harappan site. Two silver crowns presumably worn by the king and queen along with gold and silver jewellery has been found here in an earthen jar. This is the first time that a regal crown has been found in the sub-continent. This site brings to light that the Harappans went through three stages of development from pit houses to regular rectangular and square dwellings above the surface.

Agroha

The Agroha mound goes back to the 3rd century BC and is where, Harappan coins were discovered apart from stone sculptures, Terracotta seals, iron and copper implements, shells and a host of other things. The Agroha mound now has the Agroha Temple complex on one side and the Sheetla Mata temple on the other. The Agroha Medical College faces it across the road. Some of the materials collected from the excavated site.
Large number of coins has been found at the excavated site. The coins are predominantly of silver and bronze in different shapes and sizes. The script and signs on the coins depict that they belong to different periods. From the excavation site many statutes made of stone and sand have been unearthed. Masks, Terracotta animals and toys have been found. Utensils belonging to 2nd century BC in black, brown and red polish have also been discovered.

Mitathal

At this site, three phases of Harappan culture have been found. Mitathal in the Bhiwani district of South-West of Haryana, is an important site. The site is approximately 120 km West-North-West of New Delhi, 10 km North-East of Bhiwani – the headquarters of the district West-North-West of the same name and 1.5 km North-West of Mitathal village. It was found on the Southern slope of Mound- 2 not far from the canal. Suraj Bhan’s excavation report makes note of a seal collected from the surface of Rakhi Shahpur Rakhigarhi), but no seal or sealing had previously been reported from Mitathal itself.

List of Indus Valley Civilisation Sites
Site	District	Province/State
Balu, Haryana	Fatehabad	Haryana
Banawali	Fatehabad	Haryana
Farmana	Rohtak	Haryana
Harappa	Sahiwal	Punjab
Kunal	Fatehabad	Haryana
Mitathal	Bhiwani	Haryana
Rakhigarhi	Hisar	Haryana

Rakhigarhi

Rakhigarhi is about to rewrite the 5000 year old history of our civilisation. Recent excavations at Rakhigarhi in Hisar district of Haryana may push the history of the civilisation back by over a thousand years. It could change the commonly held view about the Indus Valley Civilisation, as Rakhigarhi is situated on the bank of the now dry, Saraswati river. Archaeologists and historians are excited about the findings from Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley site after Mohenjodaro. Archaeologists consider this to be no ordinary Harappan site and say it is the most important of all the archaeological sites of India. Rakhigarhi findings have already started showing new civilisation contours. The area and dimensions of the site are far wider than assessed by archaeologist Raymond and Bridget Allchin and JM Kenyer. It is 224 hectares, which is the largest in the country.

Haryana: The Gateway of North India

Haryana has been the scene of many wars because of it being ‘The Gateway of North India’. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of AD 6th century, North India was again split into several kingdoms. The Huns established their supremacy over the Punjab. It was after this period that one of the greatest kings of ancient India, Harshvardhan began his rule. He became the King of Thanesar (Kurukshetra) in AD 606 and later went on to rule the most of North India. In the 14th century, the Tomar Kings led an army through this region to Delhi.

Naurangabad

Naurangabad Mound is near the village of Naurangabad, about 10 km from the Bhiwani town in Bhiwani district, Haryana. This mound came to the notice of the government in the early eighties, when children playing there, found old coins after rains washed away the top soil. Digging was started in February, 2001 and continued for 3 months.
It was discontinued due to the onset of summer and it is set to resume in October, 2001. In this preliminary digging, artifacts upto 2500 years old have been found. Among the artifacts found are coins, tools, toys, statues and pots. According to the archeologists the presence of coins, coin moulds, statues and design of the houses, suggests that a town existed here sometimes in the Kushan, Gupta and the Youdhaya period till 300 BC.

Vedic Civilisation (1500-1000 BC)

This is the earliest civilisation in Indian history, of which we have written records that we understand. It is named after the Vedas, the early literature of the Hindu people. The Vedic civilisation flourished along the river Saraswati, in a region that now consists of the modern Indian states of Haryana and Punjab.
The Vedic texts have astronomical dates, that some have claimed, go back to the 5th millenium BC. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued upto the 6th century BC. Vedic is synonymous with Aryans and Hinduism, which is another name for religious and spiritual thought that has evolved from the Vedas.

GK247.in	History of Haryana
Modern Name	Ancient Name
Jagadhari	Yugandhar
Pinjore	Panchampur
Narnaul	Narrashtra
Jind	Jayantipuri
Gurgaon	Gurugram
Rohtak	Rohitasha
Sirsa	Shorishamak
Fatehabad	Irdar
Rewari	Revaveri
Kaithal	Kapilsthal
Mahendragarh	Kannaur
Kurukshetra	Thanesar
Panipat	Panprastha

Harshavardhan Period (AD 606-647)

Between the period from 1700 BC-AD 606, various dynasties and republics ruled India and its parts, but in the AD 7th century, an important dynasty emerged in Haryana, which is called Vardhan dynasty founded by Prabhakarvardhan, Harshvardhan was the most important ruler of this dynasty, who make Thanesar (present day, Kurukshetra) as his capital. In his biography, Harshacharita, his court poet Banabhatta has given a highly flattering account of the capital city of Thanesar and its people.

Chinese Pilgrim Huien Tsang

He visited during Harshvardhan period at Thanesar and stayed for a long period here. He studied the conditions of the people in some depth and recorded very favourable observations. He found the region prosperous both in trade and industry. He visited many Buddhist monasteries and Hindu temples and found that both faiths flourished side by side. The capital region was called place of religious merit.’

Post-Harsha Period

During the Post-Harsha period, we find mention of the Bhadanakas, who dominated the area around Rewari and Gurgaon. Their territory comprised the tract including the present district of Gurgaon, a part of the Alwar state and the Bhiwani area. It is possible that the village of Bhadavasa, near Rewari, may have been their seat of power.

Pratihara Empire

After the dissolution of Harsha’s Empire, Haryana continued to flourish. The Pratihara empire was followed by the Tomar rulers, one of whom, Anangapala, founded the city of Delhi. Haryana formed a part of his empire. According to the Pehowa inscription (AD 882), the area appears to have become a part of the Empire of Bhoja of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

The Tanwars (Tomara)

The Tanwar dynasty flourished from AD 8th to 12th century. It ruled from Delhi and Anangpal Tuar in AD 10th century was justly titled Paramount Sovereign of India. They ruled from modern day Kannauj and Delhi and were later defeated by Gahadavala’s at Kannauj and later by Chauhan’s of Ajmer. The last Tomar king married his daughter to Chauhan ruling family and his maternal grandson Prithviraj Chauhan, was proclaimed his heir apparent. A total of 19 Tomar rulers ruled Thanesar (modern-day Haryana-Delhi). Jaipal Tuar was ruling at the time of Gaznavid invasion in 10th century.

Sufi Movement in Haryana

Fariduddin Shakarganji

He established the Chisti order in Haryana. Sufi Matts were established at Hansi (Hisar) Panipat, Karnal and Ambala. His full name is Sheikh-ul-Islam Maulana Diwana Baba Fariduddin Ganj-e-Shakar Suleman Aujodhani. In short, he is known as Baba Farid. He was the disciple of Mohammad Bakhtiar Kaki. He preached sufism mostly while residing at Hansi (Hisar, Haryana).

Boo Ali Shah Kalandar

He was the second most prominent poet-sufi saint of the Chisti order. He established the Kalandaria order. He was also called Sharfuddin. His ancestors came from Iraq and settled at Panipat where, he was born in AD 1206 and died in AD 1325. There were three other Sufi saints of Panipat Sheikh Usman Zindapir, Sheikh Nizamuddin and Shah Ali, Sheikh Zindapir died at Panipat in AD 1590 and his mausoleum is also situated there.
Sheikh Nizamuddin was the son of Sheikh Usman Zindapir. He was a charismatic saint He died in AD 1609 and his mausoleum is also situated at Panipat. Sheikh Shah Ali Chisti Panipati was a disciple of Sheikh Nizamuddin. The people of the area revered him because of his spiritual powers. He died in AD 1634.

Medieval History of Haryana

In medieval period, the three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat in Haryana. The first, second and third Battles of Panipat were took place in the year 1526, 1556 and 1761 respectively”.
After ousting the Hoons, king Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the AD 7th century. After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, the Pratiharas ruled over a vast region for quite a while from Harsha’s adopted capital Kannauj. The region remained strategically important for the rulers of North India even though Thanesar was no more as central as Kannauj.
Prithviraj Chauhan established forts at Taraori and Hansi in the 12th century. Mohammad Ghori conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries.
The earliest reference to ‘Hariana’ occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated AD 1328 kept in Delhi Museum, which refers to this region as the heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region and also constructed canals or rajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.

The Sultanate Dynasty

This dynasty was founded by Mohammad Gori, founder of slave dynasty, but its real foundation was laid by Qutubuddin Aibak. This was the first dynasty which ruled over Delhi Sultanate in AD 1192 after defeating Prithviraj Chauhan of Chauhan dynasty at the Second Battle of Tarain in AD 1192. With the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain in AD 1192, at the hands of Gori, a new chapter opened in the history of Haryana, which affected the future of the whole country.

The Khilji Dynasty

The Khilji dynasty was the second Muslim dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate. The slave rulers laid a firm foundation to the Delhi Sultanate. Naturally, Muslims from territories bordering to Western-Northern India migrated to join other Muslim settlers. The first ruler of this dynasty was Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khalji.

Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq

He was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. In particular, an incident in the village of Gohana in Haryana was recorded in the Insha-e-Mahry (another historical record written by Amud-din-Abdullah. bin Mahru), where Hindus had erected a deity and were arrested, brought to the palace and executed en-masse.

Timur Lung Invasion on Haryana

Timur’s invasion affected Haryana vitally as he raised to the ground a large part of the region, spreading terror and devastation. He was, however, not allowed to go unchallenged and the martial communities of the area, the Jats, Rajputs and the Ahirs defied him at several places.
Timur remained on the soil of Haryana for nearly one month. During this period, he had to fight the people of this region constantly and regularly, almost twice a day.

Foreign Invasions and Wars in Haryana

Haryana being close to the capital suffered the most during this period. Apart from the repeated disorders due to frequent changes of dynasties till the coming of the Mughals on the scene.
The invasion of Timur Lung towards the end of the 14th century played havoc with the Imperial city of Delhi and the surrounding area. The region suffered similarly during the 18th century, when Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the country. It is not an accident that all decisive battles, which changed the fate of India, were fought in Haryana, at Panipat.

Mughal Empire (AD 1526-1857)

The First Battle of Panipat (AD 1526)

The First battle of Panipat was fought between the last ruler of Lodhi dynasty, Ibrahim Lodhi and the ruler of Kabul, Babur. By 1525, Babur had captured the whole of Punjab and then he proceeded towards Delhi. The history of the first battle of Panipat was an important milestone that was to change the very face of history in India. After capturing Punjab, Babur proceeded towards Delhi to meet Ibrahim Lodhi.
The sultan got the message that Babur was proceeding towards Delhi with a huge army and strong artillery. But Ibrahim Lodhi’s army was much bigger and he had war elephants. But Babur defeated the army with organisation and skilled dissemble historic battle of Panipat took place on 21st April, 1526 at the place called Panipat, which is located in modern day Haryana. This place has been the site many important battles in the history of India.

The Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556)

After the death of Humayun in AD 1556. His 13 years old son, Akbar ascended the throne under the guardianship of Bairam Khan. At the time of Akbar’s accession to the throne, the Mughal rule was confined to Kabul, Kandahar and parts of Punjab and Delhi. On 14th February, 1556, in a garden at Kalanaur, Akbar was enthroned as emperor. Hemu (Hemchandra) was a military chief of the Afghan King Mohammad Adil Shah, who had established himself at Chunar and was seeking to expel the Mughals from India. Taking advantage of Humayun’s death, Hemu marched to Agra and Delhi in October and occupied it without difficulty and became the ruler under the title, Raja Vikramaditaya. To counter this, Bairam Khan marched towards Delhi. On 5th November, both the armies met at Panipat. The battle was finally won by Mughal Army.

Jahangir and Shah Jahan Period (AD 1605-1658)

Things were comparatively quite during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan. This was a period of relative peace in Haryana. This period also saw the constructive works for public welfare, such as roads and wells. If the peasants paid their land revenue in time, they were left in peace.

Aurangzeb Period (AD 1658-1707)

Haryana being close to Imperial capital (Delhi) felt the full impact of Aurangzeb repression. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire which Babur and Akbar had built and Jahangir and Shah Jahan nurtured, crumbled to pieces. Haryana suffered much during this period of disintegration. All the aspirants to power, who entered the dispute for the Imperial city had to fight in the Haryana territory. The two foreign invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali further added to the confusion.

Mughal Period

During the period of Mohammad Shah (AD 1719-1748), India suffered from the invasion of Nadir Shah. By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had ravaged the Mughal provinces from the Deccan to Bengal and internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire’s administrative and economic systems. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire was defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nadir Shah. Mughal power was severely limited. The last emperor, Bahadur Shah II had authority over only the City of Shahjahanabad. He supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was overthrown by the British and the last remnants of the empire were taken over by the British Raj.

Battle of Karnal (AD 1739)

On 24th February,1739, battle between the forces of Nadir Shah, an Iranian adventurer and Mohammad Shah, the Mughal Emperor, at Karnal Haryana; the Mughals suffered a decisive defeat. Nadir Shah had become the ruler of Persia by deposing the king in 1732. The alleged violation of promises by Mohammad Shah and the ill treatment of his envoys by the Delhi court, served as the alleged cause for his invasion. Nadir Shah marched to Delhi and massacred its inhabitants on 11th March. He left Delhi on 5th May with plunder, including the famous Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan and the Koh-e-noor diamond. The Mughal Empire never recovered from this blow to its prestige.

Maratha’s Period

The Third Battle of Panipat

Towards the middie of the 18th century, Marathas, under the leadership of the Peshwas had established their sway over Haryana and most of North India. The intrusion of the Afghan, Ahmad Shah Abdali into India, culminated in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14th January, 1761. Ahmad Shah defeated the Marathas and this marked the end of the Maratha ascendancy. The defeat of the Marathas and rapid decline of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb’s death, ultimately pave the way for the advent of the British rule.

Mahadaji Scindhia

Mahadaji Scindhia was a Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in Central India. Jayappa Shinde, the head of the Shinde family was murdered in his own house and was succeeded by his son Jankoji. In 1761, the Shindes joined the Peshwa’s army led by Sadashivrao Bhau against the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Third Battle of Panipat. After sometime the Brave Maratha’s controlled all over Haryana.

To rule in a better way Mahadaji divided all Pradesh into four parts:

Delhi district
Sonipat district
Hisar district
Mewat district

Mahadaji was now at the zenith of his power, when he died on 12th February, 1794 at Wanowri near Pune. He left no heir and was succeeded by Daulatrao Shinde, a grandson of his brother Tukaram Shinde, who was scarcely 15 years of age at the time.

George Thomas in Haryana

George Thomas left irrevocable effect on the pages of history. Born in a simple family in Ireland, he was an extremely courageous person. He came to India in a mercantile marine in about 1780 and came in to contact with Scindhia feudal Lord Appa Kandi Rao, who adopted him as his son impressed by his bravely.

Relation with Maratha’s

In the due course of time, Appa Kandi Rao offered the area of Jhajjar, Beri, Mandothi, Patoda to George Thomas. Feeling happy at his military services, Marathas offered the area of Panipat, Sonipat and Karnal to him. Intoxicated with the increasing power, he declared himself independent of Scendhias.
With the aim to establish his independent rule in the whole Haryana, Thomas changed his capital from Jhajjar to Hansi. Having seen the increasing force of George Thomas, Scindhia asked General Paron, who was the Governor of Ganga Doab, to attack on George Thomas. George could not bear it, at last left his rule went towards Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1801.

George Thomas and Sikhs

Thomas fought one of his best campaigns against the Sikh chiefs, taking almost all of the Punjab. He was finally defeated and captured by Sindhia’s army under General Pierre Cuillier-Perron. He died on his way down the Ganges on the 22nd of August, 1802.

Modern History of Haryana

History of Haryana is replete with tales of heroism of the highest order and in this context, the historic significance of the Battles of Panipat and Kurukshetra in Haryana cannot be ignored by any means.

Advent of British in Haryana

After the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Afghans returned to North and the Marathas has to the South, leaving the Sikhs and the Jats to fill the void. Delhi has always been the heart of political life of Haryana and the neighbouring territory. It underwent swift decline after the disintegration of the Mughal empire, starting from the early 18th century. The main steps in this direction were the sacking of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Civil Wars of the nobility or feudal lords and the atrocities of Gulam Kadir. The situation was finally resolved by the British, who occupied the Mughal capital in 1803, after defeating the Marathas in its vicinity.

Capture of Haryana by British (1803-1805)

The year 1803, is an important year in the history of Haryana. In this year, the area of what is now present day Haryana and Delhi came under the control of the East India Company of Great Britain. At that time, Delhi was being ruled by the old and weak Mughal ruler, Shah Alam. But the real power lay in the hands of the Maratha leader, Daulat Rao Sindhia, who acted as his regent.
On 6th September, 1803, the battle between General Lake’s British forces and the Marathas took place near village Partapganj, 6 miles South of Delhi. Many people from Haryana fought along with the Marathas against the British. Among them were the Jats, led by Raja Hari Singh, the King of Ballabhgarh, Ahirs, led by Rao Tej Singh of Rewari and 5000,Sikhs. On 30th September, 1803, the Maratha leader Daulat Rao Sindhia also decided to make peace with the British by signing a treaty with the East India Company. Under this treaty, the areas of Haryana and Delhi came under the control of the British.

Administration of Haryana under Britishers (1805-1857)

The British did not find it easy to administer Haryana. The people being of a somewhat spirited and independent disposition did not always find it to their taste. The tract was inhabited predominantly by martial races, which lost no chance in resisting the British whenever and wherever they could. The Meos, Gujjars and Ahirs of Gurgaon, the Jats and Ranghars of Rohtak, Bishnois and Jats of Hisar and the Sikhs of Karnal, all of them were strongly opposed to the new regime.

Division of Haryana in 1805

In 1805, the British divided Haryana into two parts for administrative and political reasons. A smaller part called the Assigned Territories, was kept directly under the control of the company. The larger part was divided and handed over to various local ruler, who were faithful and loyal to the British.
The Assigned Territories consisted of the areas under Panipat, Sonipat, Ganaur, Palam, Palwal, Nuh, Nagina, Hathin, Ferozpur Jhirkha, Sohna and Rewari. This area was administered by East India Company officer called the Resident and he reported directly to the Governor-General.
The other larger part was divided into various princely states and handed over to loyal local kings and nawabs. But, these arrangements didn’t go down too well with the people of Haryana, who are by nature, independent minded and don’t like outsiders meddling in their affairs. Therefore, they especially the Jats of Rohtak, Ahirs and Meos of Gurgaon rose again and again in revolt against the rulers. But by 1809, the British had established full control over the territory of Haryana.

Division of Bengal and Haryana

Most areas of Haryana and Delhi together became one of the six divisions of the North-Western province called the Delhi division.
The Delhi division was further sub-divided into seven princely states and five districts. The princely states were Bahadurgarh, Ballabhgarh, Dujana, Farukhnagar, Jhajjar, Loharu and Pataudi. The five districts were Delhi, Gurgaon, Rohtak, Panipat and Hisar. These districts were divided into tehsils and tehsils into zilas. The officer heading the Delhi division was now called a Commissioner named as Resident.
At this time, some areas of present day Haryana were outside the Delhi division and they were considered as part of the upper region. These were the districts of Ambala and Thanesar and the princely states of Buria, and Jind. But the people of upper region and Delhi division though administratively in different provinces, were closely bound by socio-cultural ties. This administrative system continued till the Revolt of 1857.

Some Revolts Against East India Company

Chhachhrauli Revolt

Chhachhrauli is little town in the state of Haryana near Kamal. It was once the capital of one of the India’s 562 princely states. These forts and palaces now have various government offices in them. The Raja of Kalsia built a big, sprawling fort for himself, which comprised of a throne room, a khazana (treasury), and reception rooms. The whole of the fort was painted with murals. The Kalsia family donated the fort to the town of Chhachhrauli for its own use in 1940.

Haryana Revolt against Company
Revolt	Year	Leader
Chhachhrauli Revolt	1818	Jodh Singh
Rania Revolt	1818	Jobit Kha
Revolt of Farmers	1824	Surajma
Jind Revolt	1814	Pratap Singh
Balawali Revolt	1835	Gulab Singh
Kaithal Revolt	1843	Gulab Singh and Suraj Kaur
Ladwa Revolt	1845	Ajit Singh

Jind Revolt

The administration of Jind was entrusted to Prince Fateh Singh. Though Raja Bhag Singh did not like the arrangement, yet he did not oppose it. Infact, he had neither the will nor the means to do it. Bhag Singh died in 1819 and Fateh Singh succeeded him. He ruled for a short time only and died 3 years later (1822). Now Sangat Singh, (11 years old) succeeded him. But, before they could think of dealing with him he died a sudden death on 2nd November, 1834.

Kaithal Revolt

The British attached Kaithal on 10th April, 1843 after the death of Bhai Udey Singh. His mother queen Veer Sahab Kaur and his widow Suraj Kaur alongwith warrior Tek Singh compelled the British to take back, but after five days Maharaja Patfala withdraw his support and the British defeated the queen on 15th April, 1843 and established their empire.

Role of Haryana in Revolt of 1857

The Revolt of 1857, was sparked by the introduction of the Enfield rifle in the Indian Army. This news spread like wild fire among the sepoys of the army. Both Hindus and the Muslims were outraged at the use of cow’s fat and ‘hog’s lard’ respectively. They soon formed Panchayats in all corps and decided to socially boycott any sepoy, who used these cartridges.

Cause of Revolt in Haryana

As we have already seen, British rule in Haryana was unpopular. The rural people were particularly unhappy and dissatisfied. The destruction of village communities, the economic policies of exploitation, the work of the Christian missionaries, added to frequent famines and recurring epidemics, had made the people feel miserable and at heart suspect the British administration. Under such strained conditions, only a spark was needed and this was supplied by the sepoys of Ambala and Meerut.

Spread of Revolt in Haryana

Although, the mutiny appears to have broken out suddenly without much pre-planning, the general discontent that prevailed helped in inflaming large areas. The rumours about cartridges, which caused the sepoys first to revolt at Meerut, fed the flame as it reached Delhi and then engulfed the whole of Haryana and the areas South of the city. Except for the princely states of Jind, Kalsia, Buria and some small jagirs in Ambala and Thanesar, whole of the Haryana region was severely affected by the revolt.

Gurgaon

They were resisted in the urban areas by loyal Khanzadas, who were also supported by loyal police, but they were soon overcome. Major Eden, the political agent at Jaipur intervened in Gurgaon with a large contingent, but without much success. In Gurgaon, the struggle continued even after the fall of Delhi, which occured on 20th September, 1857. Throughout October, Brigadier-General showers tried to suppress the turbulent Meos, Gujjars, Ranghars, Ahirs and the rebel princes.

Rohtak

In the Rohtak district, the revolt broke out on 24th May, when Tafzal Hussain reached there and attacked government offices in the name of Bahadur Shah. Deputy Commissioner, Loch was unable to cope with the situation and left the district first for Gohana and then for Delhi. The rebels then had a free hand. Tafzal Hussain was able to loot the district treasury securing more than 1 Lakh. On his way back, he burnt all European buildings at Sampla.

Hisar

At Hisar, the uprising began with the troops stationed at Hisar, Hansi and Sirsa, which in turn incited the civil population. There was killing of Europeans, destruction of property and looting of Mahajans and other loyal elements. Mohammad Azam, a prince of the royal family, proclaimed the end of the British rule and established his authority in the district.

Narnaul

The Narnaul Battle was the fiercest. It was also the most decisive. On the Haryana side, Raja Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh, Nawab Samad Khan of Jhajjar, Rao Shahmed Khan of Mewat, alongwith Rao Kishan Gopal, together presented a most formidable force. Though Indians fought very bravely (16th November, 1857), the British succeeded in defeating them. With the reverse at Narnaul, the cause of the mutineers was finally lost in Haryana.

Panipat

At Panipat, the Jat peasantry alongwith the other civil population were able to resist for sometime. The British were successful in mobilising forces from Karnal, Patiala and other places and able to reduce the resisting village. In Ambala, the British anticipating the rise of the civil population clamped strict measures with the help of the troops of Patiala, Nabha, Jind and other neighbouring chiefs.

End of Revolt in Haryana

The British succeeded in gaining back the whole of Haryana by November, 1857. The failure of the mutiny brought severe punishment for the city of Delhi and the whole Haryana region. All the prominent leaders on whom the British could lay their hands were severely punished.
Bahadur Shah was tried by a Military Commission and exiled to Burma with select members of his family. Two of his sons were shot. Of the other rebel leader, the Nawab of Jhajjar, Nawab of Farukhnagar and the Raja of Ballabhgarh were hanged. Rao Tula Ram, Chief of Rewari, escaped to Iran and from there to Afghanistan, where he died in 1863. Narnaul district itself was awarded to the Maharaja of Patiala and named after him as the Mahendragarh district. Ballabhgarh went to Faridkot, Bawal to Nabha and Dadri to Jind.

Result of Revolt (1858-1885)

After the 1857 Revolt, the British in February, 1858, removed Haryana from the North-Western province and merged it with Punjab. The region of Haryana was divided into two divisions that of Hisar and Delhi. Delhi division consisted of the districts of Delhi, Gurgaon and Panipat while the Hisar division consisted of the districts of Hisar, Sirsa and Rohtak.
The districts were further divided into tehsils, tehsils into zilas and zilas into villages. The Punjab Government in 1871 ordered setting up of district committees or Zila Samiti. In 1883, Punjab District Board Act gave more power to these Zila Samitis.

Formation of the State

Haryana State was formed on 1st November, 1966. The Indian Government set-up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23rd April, 1966 to divide the existing Punjab and determine the boundaries of new state ‘Haryana’ giving consideration the language Spoken by the people. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became first Chief Minister of Haryana.

Political Activities in Haryana after the Formation of Congress

After the formation of Congress in 1885, the political activities in Haryana accelerated. In 1905, the British partitioned Bengal and this directly challenged the Congress Programme, which responded by the Swadesi Andolan. Shri Murlidhar from Ambala and Lala Lajpat Rai in Hisar actively participated in this agitation. In October, 1907 in Ambala, a state level conference was held by the Congress.
A large number of people from every corner of Punjab and Haryana participated in this conference. Under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai, the conference decided to form branches in every district. Till this time, the Congress’s Swadesi Andolan did not have much effect outside the urban middle class of the region. As a result of the Ambala conference decision, district level branches were formed in all the districts of Haryana and Punjab.
On 9th May, 1907, the British exiled Lala Lajpat Rai to Burma causing a major setback to the activities of the Congress party. Due to increasing criticism, the British were forced to bring Lalaji back on 14th November, 1907. But the bitter fight between the Garam Dal and Naram Dal factions of the Congress resulted in its activities coming to a standstill. Due to this and various other reasons the agitation for independence ran out of steam and it remained so till the end of the First World War.

Role of Haryana in First World War (1914)

After the start of the First World War, the Congress held a conference in Madras, where it passed a resolution to support the British in its war effort. Four annual conferences were held by the Congress during the period of the war and in each of them, similar resolutions for helping the British were passed. As a result, Congress workers from Haryana also started helping the British in their war effort. The main reason was that the leadership was in the hands of middle class urban people and they thought that by doing this, they would be able to get some personal benefit. In Haryana, Pandit Neki Ram Sharma was at the forefront of this agitation. Pt Neki Ram Sharma concentrated his activities particularly in the Rohtak region.

Demand for a Separate State (1948)

The region of present day Haryana was made a part of Punjab in 1858 by the British. Due to the active role of people of Haryana in the Revolt of 1857, this region was punished and no significant development work took place. The people of Haryana region were treated as second-class citizens. Moreover, there were many differences between the people of these two
regions like language, clothing and other habits. The demand for a separate state got a boost with the demand of Master Tara Singh for a Punjabi Suba in 1948. Moreover, there were problems between the Hindi-speaking and the Punjabi-speaking population.

Sacchar Formula (1949)

To solve this problem the then Punjab Chief Minister, Shri Bhimsen Sacchar introduced the ‘Sacchar Formula’ on 1st October, 1949. According to this formula, the state was sub-divided into two parts

Punjabi Area
Hindi Area.

The Hindi area included the districts of Rohtak, Hisar, Gurgaon, Kangra, Karnal and the tehsils of Jagadhari and Naraingarh. The ‘Sacchar Formula’ could not succeed and it became especially unpopular in the Hindi area.

Syed Fazal Ali Commission (1953)

On 25th December, 1953, the Indian Government set-up a commission under the Chairmanship of Syed Fazal Ali for suggesting the reorganisation of states according to language and culture. The proponents of Punjabi Suba and Haryana both appeared before the commission to press their case. But, the commission in its wisdom did not approve of the division or reorganisation of Punjab.

Agitation for a Separate State

The failure of this solution accelerated the demand for separate states in both the regions. In 1960, Master Tara Singh launched a Morcha to press for his demand of ‘Punjabi Suba’. He was promptly arrested on the orders of Punjab Chief Minister, Pratap Singh Kairon.
On the arrest of Master Tara Singh, Sant Fateh Singh took over the leadership of the agitation. Because Sant Fateh Singh was a secular person and well connected with the masses, he became more popular. He went on a Fast unto death to force the government to accept their demand for the ‘Punjabi Suba’. More than 57000 people went to jail in this Satyagraha.

Linguistic Division of State

Punjab Government tried to find a solution to this increasingly difficult problem by suggesting the division of the state into Punjabi-speaking and Hindi-speaking areas. Accordingly, in April, 1956, the Indian Government declared Punjab to be a dual language state and divided it into Punjabi Area and Hindi Area. Both Hindi and Punjabi were declared its official language. The Hindi area this time included the districts of Hisar, Rohtak, Karnal, Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Shimla, Kangra, and the tehsils of Ambala, Jagadhari, Naraingarh, Jind and Narwana. But in 1957, due to certain actions of Pratap Singh Kairon, the then Chief Minister of Punjab, this solution too failed.
Both the Indian and Punjab Government were shaken by this agitation. The wily Punjab Chief Minister, Kairon then played his trump card and released Master Tara Singh from jail. Master Tara Singh was greatly disturbed by the increasing popularity of Sant Fateh Singh. He took the leadership of the agitation back from Sant Fateh Singh and persuaded him to break his fast. He himself decided to go on a ‘Fast unto death’, but broke the fast after 48 days. This caused Master Tara Singh to lose his popularity and Sant Fateh Singh became the leader of the Punjab people especially the Sikhs. Meanwhile discontent keep on simmering in the people of Haryana region for a separate state.

Opposition Against Division of Punjab

In 1965, Sant Fateh Singh again decided to go on a fast on 10th August, 1965 to press for the demand of the ‘Punjabi Suba’. He further threatened self-immolation if the demand was not accepted in 25 days. The Hindus of the Punjabi area opposed the demand for the division of the state fearing that they would be in a minority in the new state. The local press, which was also controlled by the Hindus, too joined in and openly opposed the division. The people of Haryana region, except for RSS and Jan Sangh followers, supported the demand for the division of Punjab into Hindi-speaking and Punjabi-speaking states.

Reorganisation of State of Punjab

Finally, bowing to the growing pressure from the people of both the regions, the Indian Government announced the setting up of a Parliamentary Committee for reorganisation of Punjab on 23rd September, 1965. This committee was headed by Sardar Hukam Singh. Meanwhile in October, all the legislatures belonging to the Haryana region got together and discussed the issue of the new state. On 17th October, 1965, in a big meeting in Rohtak, three important resolutions were passed.

A new Hindi-speaking state should be formed, which shall include in addition to the Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab, some areas of Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
If the states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are not agreeable, then the new state should be formed consisting of Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab.
The people of Haryana region would not tolerate any division of the Hindi-speaking area and whole of this area should constitute the state of Haryana.

Sardar Hukam Singh Committee agreed to the division and reorganisation of Punjab and recommended that a Boundary Commission may be set-up to facilitate this division.

Haryana Day: A New State is Born!

Haryana was carved out of the Indian State of Punjab on 1st November, 1966. This state was formed on the recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23rd September, 1965. On 23rd April, 1966, acting on the recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian Government set-up the Shah Commission under the Chairmanship of Justice JC Shah, to divide and set-up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana.
The commission gave its report on 31st May, 1966. According to this report, the districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the tehsils of Jind, Narwana, Naraingarh, Ambaia and Jagadhari were also included. The commission recommended that tehsii Kharar should also be a part of Haryana. After receiving the report of the Shah Commission, the Indian Government passed Punjab Reorganisation Bill, 1966 on 18th September, 1966.

According to this bill, the boundary of the Haryana was to be as follows

The districts of Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal and Mahendragarh.
The Jind and Narwana tehsils of Sangrur district.
The Ambaia, Jagadhari and Naraingarh tehsils of Ambaia district.
The Pinjore circle of Kharar tehsii (district Ambaia).
Part of the Mani Majra circle of Kharar tehsii.

It was also decided that the two States of Haryana and Punjab would have a common High Court called the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The other parts of the bill dealt with issues like division of the Parliament seats in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Famous Freedom Fighters of Haryana

Sir Chhotu Ram

He, was one of the most prominent pre-independence politicians in Punjab and a champion of the interests of the Jat peasantry. He was born on 24th November, 1881, in Ghari Sampla in Rohtak district in a Jat Gotra, Ohlan family. Chhotu Ram joined a primary school in January 1891, passing out four years later. He studied for his middle school examination in Jhajjar, 12 miles from his village. He left Jhajjar to be enrolled in the Christian Mission School in Delhi, though it was not easy for the family to raise the funds for his education.
He was emerging as the sole spokesman of Jat interests by this time. In the 1920s and 1930s, he not only founded various organisations, but was the chief inspiration behind the assertion of a specifically Jat identity in Punjab society and politics. After the war Sir Chhotu Ram extended his activities beyond Rohtak. He set out to mobilise Jats in Rajasthan and Western Uttar Pradesh, where they were already being organised by the Jat Sabha. Sir Chhotu Ram opposed the concept of Pakistan and formed a separate group of thirteen members in the Punjab Assembly, when most Muslim Unionists joined the Muslim League. His death brought about the demise of the Unionist Party. His title was given by the British because of his great help in recruiting Jats for the British Indian Army in World War II.

Lala Lajpat Rai

He is popularly known as Punjab Kesari or Lion of Punjab. He was born on 28th January, 1865, in Jagraon, Ludhiana district of Punjab as the eldest son of Munshi Kishan Azad. His mother Gulab Devi and his father inculcated strong moral values in him. He studied law from Government College, Lahore and shifted to Hisar to start his legal practice. His political career started in 1888 with the Indian National Congress Session at Allahabad. At the next session at Bombay in 1889, he was closely associated with two leading freedom fighters, Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The trio was popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal. Lajpat Rai was actively involved in the struggle against partition of Bengal in 1905. He went to Britain in April 1914 to explain the position of India to various people there. During his stay there, World War I broke out and he was unable to return to India.

Seth Sir Chhaju Ram

He was a leading Jat from Haryana, who made his fortune in Calcutta (now Kolkata) during the colonial rule. As a philanthropist, he undertook many socially relevant projects. He was born at village Alakhpura, tehsil Bawanikhera, district Bhiwani in 1861 in the family of Chaudhary Salig Ram Lamba.
His father had migrated from Jhunjhunu district in Rajasthan. Chhaju Ram was the only boy of his village who got enrolled in the Primary School of Bawani Khera, five miles away from his native village. In 1880, he joined Government High School, Rewari. He passed his Matriculation Examination in 1882. Being a quick learner, he gained proficiency in many languages like Hindi, English, Sanskrit and Urdu.

Rao Tula Ram

He was one of the key leaders of the Indian rebellion of 1857 in Haryana, where he is considered a state hero. He was born on 9th December, 1825 in a noble Rao Bahadur Nirpur Yadav family of Garhi-Bolni in the village of Rampura (Rewari). His father was Puran Singh and his grandfather Rao Tej Singh. He was educated according to the then prevalent customs and he knew Persian, Urdu, Hindi and a small amount of English. In November 1839, Rao Tula Ram ascended the throne on the death of his father.
In 1857, on hearing the news of rebellion at Meerut and other places, the people of Rewari rose up in revolt under the leadership of by Rao Tula Ram. His cousin Gopal Dev also stood by him as his military commander. The battle of Narnaul fought between Rao Tula Ram’s forces and the British was undoubtedly one of the most decisive battles of the uprising of 1857.
The English felt jubilant over their success in this confrontation, for it marked the beginning of the end of the crucial period of the struggle in the Haryana region and Northern Rajasthan.
On 1st November, 1858, the British issued a promise of unconditional pardon and amnesty to all offences against the British to all except those who directly or indirectly took part in the murder of British subjects. But with the blood of many British soldiers and subjects on his hands, he left India for Iran in 1862.
He is credited with having obliterated every vestige of the British rule from the region that today is South-West Haryana during the mutiny and also helping rebel forces fighting in the historic city of Delhi with men, money and material.
He was noted as a good administrator and military commander. After the 1857, uprising ended, he met rulers of Iran and Afghanistan and also established contacts with the Tsar of Russia, to seek their help to fight a war to free India from the British.
Besides teaching their children, he worked as their Munshi during his spare time. Marwaris had flourishing businesses in Calcutta, the hub of jute industries at that time. Chhaju Ram had a good knowledge of Hindi and English and so did correspondence work for the Seths and came to be known as Munshiji.
During the process of correspondence with trading firms, he got sufficient knowledge about trade. As part of his freedom fighter activities, he hosted many freedom fighters like Gandhiji and Lala Lajpat Rai on their visits to Calcutta during those days. Sometimes even revolutionaries took refuge in his house. Bhagat Singh reached Calcutta from Lahore in December 1928 after killing Saunders. Seth Chhaju Ram was elected in 1927 as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council from the Non-Mohammadan Rural Constituency, Hisar.

Rao Gopal Dev

He was a revolutionary leader of the 1857 revolt in Rewari, who allied himself with his cousin, Rao Tula Ram, during the mutiny. He was the military commander of Rao Tula Ram in Rewari.

Arjun Singh Gurjar

Arjun Singh (1910 – 1947) was born in Sirsa to a Gurjar family. The financial position of his father, Ram Karan Gurjar was not strong, which created problems in proper arrangements for his education. Gurjar acquired working knowledge of Hindi. The political atmosphere of the town inspired him and as a result he started attending the public meetings of the Congress party which he joined formally during session 1935-36 and became its active worker. He participated in Satyagraha and the Quit India Movement. He emerged from these movements and gained such a ranking and respected position in the town that he courted arrest during the individual Satyagraha Movement in 1941 and was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment in the district jail, Firozpur.

Chaudhary Devi Lal

Chaudhary Devi Lal (1914-2001) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter, Chief Minister of the State of Haryana and Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was born in a Jat Hindu family of Sihag clan on 25th September, 1914 in Teja Khera village of Sirsa district in Haryana. His father, Lekh Ram Sihag was a wealthy Jat landlord of Chautala village and he owned 550 acres of land. Devi Lal, whose original name was Devi Dayal, received education up to the middle class and also trained as a wrestler at an ‘Akhara’ in Badal village (Punjab). On Mahatma Gandhi’s call, both he and his elder brother Sahib Ram, left their studies unfinished to take part in the Freedom Movement.
For this he was sentenced to one year rigorous imprisonment and sent to Hisar jail on 8th October, 1930. He took part in the movement of 1932 and was kept in Sadar Delhi Thana. In 1938, he was selected delegate of All India Congress Committee. In March 1938, his elder brother Sahib Ram was elected MLA in a bye-election on the Congress party ticket. In January 1940, Sahib Ram courted arrest as a Satyagrahi in the presence of Devi Lal and over ten thousand people.
Chaudhary Devi Lal was arrested on 5th October, 1942 for taking part in the Quit India Movement. Devi Lal was released from prison in October, 1943 and he got his elder brother Sahib Ram released on parole. In August 1944, Sir Chhotu Ram, the then Revenue Minister of Punjab, visited Chautala village.

हरियाणा का इतिहास एक नजर में

हरियाणा का इतिहास

भारत के इतिहास में हरियाणा ने एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। वर्तमान हरियाणा सरस्वती नदी के किनारे स्थित था, जहाँ वैदिक सभ्यता की उत्पत्ति एवं विकास हुआ। यहीं पर वेदों की रचना की गई तथा यहीं पर आर्यों ने पवित्र मंत्रों का उच्चारण किया। हरियाणा का 5000 वर्षों का इतिहास मिथकों व गाथाओं से परिपूर्ण है।
मनु के अनुसार इस प्रदेश का अस्तित्व देवताओं से हुआ था इसलिए इसे ब्रह्मवर्त के नाम से पुकारा जाता है। हरियाणा को ब्रह्मवर्त के अतिरिक्त ब्रह्मर्षि व ब्रह्मा की उत्तरवेदी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यह भी माना जाता है कि हरियाली से हरियाणा अथवा हवण (लूटमार) हरिधानक्य या ‘आरयाना से हरियाणा शब्द बना है। कतिपय विद्वान हरि अर्थात् भगवान श्री कृष्ण से हरियाणा का सम्बन्ध जोड़ते हैं तो कुछ हर अर्थात् शंकर का क्षेत्र हरियाणा को मानते हैं।

हरियाणा के इतिहास की जानकारी निम्नलिखित स्रोतों से मिलती है-

ऋग्वेद, शतपथ ब्राह्मण, ऐतरेय ब्राह्मण आदि से हरियाणा के वैदिक काल की जानकारी मिलती है।
जैन साहित्य ‘भद्रबाहुचरित’ एवं कथाकोश में प्रथम शताब्दी से तृतीय शताब्दी तक की संस्कृति के संबंध में लिखा गया है। कवि पुष्पदन्त ने ‘महापुराण’ तथा श्रीधर ने ‘पसाना चारिउ’ में हरियाणा की चर्चा की है।
बौद्ध साहित्य के मझिम्मनिकाय, दिव्यावदान आदि ग्रंथों में भी हरियाणा के क्षेत्रों का उल्लेख है।
महाभारत, अष्टाध्यायी, चतुर्माणी, हर्षचरित, महाभाष्य,राजतरंगिणी आदि ग्रंथों में कहीं न कहीं हरियाणा की चर्चा हुई है।
विदेशी यात्री जैसे एरियन, फाह्यान, ह्वेसांग आदि यात्रियों ने अपने यात्रा-वृतांतों में हरियाणा की ऐतिहासिक सामाजिक, आर्थिक व सांस्कृतिक जानकारियां दी हैं।
इनके अतिरिक्त हड़प्पापूर्व सभ्यता के आभूषण व अन्य अवशेष, हड़प्पाकालीन सभ्यता के अवशेष, मौर्यकालीन स्तूप, कुषाणकालीन सोने व तांबे के सिक्के, शुंगकालीन फलक, हर्षकालीन ताम्र मुद्राएँ, यौधेय गणराज्य की मुहरें, जैन मूर्तियाँ, यौधेयकालीन सांचे, मिट्‌टी की मुहरें, अग्रेय जनपद के सिक्के, गुर्जर-प्रतिहारकालीन अभिलेख, गुप्तकालीन मुद्राएँ एवं मुगलकालीन अवशेष हरियाणा संबंधी अति महत्वपूर्ण सूचनाएँ देते हैं।

अनेक खुदाइयों से पता चला है कि सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता अथवा हड़प्पा सभ्यता तथा मोहनजोदड़ो संस्कृति यहीं विकसित हुई। भिवानी में नौरंगाबाद व मीताथल, फतेहाबाद में कुणाल, हिसार में अग्रोहा, जींद में राखीगढ़ी, रोहतक में रूखी व सिरसा में बनावली से पूर्व हड़प्पा व हड़प्पाकालीन सभ्यता के साक्ष्य मिले हैं। भारतवंश के सुदास ने हरियाणा से अपना विजय अभियान आरंभ किया तथा जल्द ही सुदूर पूर्व व दक्षिण तक आर्यों की सत्ता का विस्तार किया। इन्हीं भारतवंशियों के नाम पर सम्पूर्ण राष्ट्र का नाम भारत पड़ा। हरियाणा के कुरूक्षेत्र में महाभारत युद्ध से पूर्व श्री कृष्ण ने भगवत् गीता का उपदेश दिया। इसी मिट्‌टी पर वेदव्यास ने संस्कृत में महाभारत लिखी। इससे पूर्व सरस्वती नदी घाटी के कुरूक्षेत्र में दस राजाओं का युद्ध हुआ था। किन्तु लगभग 900 ई० पू० में महाभारत के युद्ध से इस क्षेत्र को पहचान मिली। महाभारत में इस प्रदेश को बहुधान्यक अर्थात् प्रचुर अनाज की भूमि तथा बहुधन अर्थात प्रचुर धान की भूमि कहा गया है।
हरियाणा शब्द दिल्ली के निकट साखान जिले से प्राप्त विक्रमी संवत् 1385 के एक शिलालेख से उदधृत है जिसका अर्थ है ऐसा प्रदेश जो इस धरती पर स्वर्ग के समान है। पेहोवा (कुरूक्षेत्र), तिलपुट व पानीपत से प्राप्त प्राचीन मृदभांड, मूर्तियों व गहनों से महाभारत युद्ध की पुष्टि होती है। महाभारत काल के प्रमुख स्थल थे- पूभूदक (पेहोवा), तिलप्रस्थ (तिलपुट) पानप्रस्थ (पानीपत), सोनप्रस्थ (सोनीपत) आदि।

इनके अतिरिक्त हरियाणा के कुछ शहरों के प्राचीन नाम हैं:-

वर्तमान नाम	प्राचीन नाम
जगाधरी	युगन्धर
पिंजौर	पंचमपुर
नारनौल	नरराष्ट्र
जींद	जयन्तपुरी
रोहतक	रोहिताश
सिरसा	शैरीषकम
कुरुक्षेत्र	शर्यणावत
सफीदों	सर्पदमन
हांसी	आशी
फतेहाबाद	इकदार
रेवाड़ी	रेवावाड़ी
कैथल	कपिलस्थल
थानेसर	स्थाणीश्वर
अग्रोहा	अग्रोदका
बहादुरगढ़	शरफाबाद
महेन्द्रगढ़	कान्नौड़
महम	महेस्थ
पलवल	अपलवा
असन्ध	असन्धिवत

महाराजा अग्रसेन ने हिसार के निकट अग्रोहा में व्यापारियों के समृद्ध नगर की स्थापना की। कहा जाता है कि जो कोई व्यक्ति इस नगर में स्थापित होना चाहता था, उसे यहाँ के प्रत्येक निवासी द्वारा एक ईट व एक रुपया प्रदान किया जाता था। इस प्रकार लाखों निवासियों की सहायता से वह व्यक्ति अपने घर का निर्माण व अपना व्यापार स्थापित कर पाता था।
आर्यकाल से ही यहां की जनता ने गण-परंपरा को स्वीकार कर लिया था। गांवों के एक समूह को जनपद कहा जाता था व जनपद की शासन व्यवस्था गाँववासियों द्वारा चुने गए प्रतिनिधि के हाथ में होती थी। अनेक जनपद मिलकर एक गण स्थापित करते थे। गणसभा के सदस्य जनपदों द्वारा भेजे गए सदस्य होते थे। इस गणसभा को लगभग सभी शासकों द्वारा मान्यता मिलती रही।
छठी शताब्दी ई० पू० में कई जनपदों की स्थापना हुई। उदाहरणार्थ, कुरू गणराज्य जिसका सम्बन्ध चन्द्रगुप्तमौर्य के साथ माना जाता है। यौधेयगण का आविर्भाव मौर्य वंश के पश्चात् हुआ। युधिष्ठिर के पुत्र यौधेय ने यौधेयगण स्थापित किया था। ई० पू० द्वितीय शताब्दी में यौधेय गण एक बड़ी शक्ति था। पंतजलि कृत महाभाष्य में यौधेय शब्द की चर्चा हुई है। इसके अतिरिक्त जूनागढ़ के शिलालेख में भी इसका उल्लेख है। हिसार का अग्रोदक गण भी ऐसा ही उदाहरण है। कालांतर में यह गण यौधेय गण में सम्मिलित हो गया।
उत्तर भारत का प्रवेश द्वार होने के कारण हरियाणा पर हूणों, तुर्कों एवं अफगानियों ने अनेक आक्रमण किए व इस मिट्‌टी पर कई निर्णायक युद्ध लड़े गए।
छठी शताब्दी में गुप्त साम्राज्य के पतन के परिणामस्वरुप उत्तर भारत में अनेक छोटे-छोटे संघों का निर्माण हो गया। धीरे- धीरे स्थाणीश्वर (थानेसर) के शासक प्रभाकरवर्धन ने अनेक संघों पर नियंत्रण कर वर्धन वंश की सत्ता स्थापित की। प्रभाकरवर्धन ने दिल्ली से 150 किमी० दूर कुरूक्षेत्र के निकट स्थाणीश्वर ( थानेसर) से बैठकर ही शक्तिशाली साम्राज्य का विस्तार किया। वर्धनों ने पंजाब में हूणों का सामना कर उन्हें भारत छोड़ने के लिए विवश कर दिया। गुप्तों एवं गाँधारों को पराजित कर वर्धनों ने समस्त उत्तर भारत पर अपना साम्राज्य स्थापित कर लिया।
वर्धन वंश का सबसे प्रतापी शासक हर्षवर्धन था। वह 16 वर्ष की आयु में गद्दी पर बैठा। कम आयु होने के बावजूद उसने स्वयं को विजेता एवं योग्य प्रशासक सिद्ध किया। सत्ता प्राप्त करते ही सर्वप्रथम उसने अपनी बहन को सती होने से बचाया। अपनी बहन की प्रार्थना पर उसने स्थाणीश्वर (थानेसर) व कन्नौज के साम्राज्यों को मिला लिया। हरियाणा के लिए हर्ष का युग एक समृद्धि युग था क्योंकि इस युग में स्थाणीश्वर (थानेसर) ज्ञान, विज्ञान, कला एवं संस्कृति का केन्द्र बना रहा।
हर्षवर्धन के राजकीय कवि बाणभट्ट ने अपनी कृति हर्षचरित में हर्ष के उदय एवं उसके शासन काल का विशद वर्णन किया है। बौद्ध चीनी यात्री ह्वेन्त्सांग जो बौद्ध साहित्य का अध्ययन करने एवं बौद्ध स्थलों का भ्रमण करने के लिए भारत आया था। उसने अपने यात्रा वृत्तांत सी-यू-की में हर्ष की राजधानी स्थाणीश्वर (थानेसर) के वैभव व समृद्धि का सुन्दर चित्रण किया है।
हर्ष की मृत्यु के उपरांत इस क्षेत्र पर अनेक आक्रमण हुए। 1014 ई० में महमूदगजनवी ने स्थाणीश्वर पर आक्रमण कर अनेक मूर्तियों व मंदिरों को नष्ट किया। उसे तोमर शासकों के विरोध का भी सामना करना पड़ा। तोमर शासनकाल के हरियाणा में व्यापार, कला, संस्कृति आदि की जानकारी यशस्तिलकचम्पू में मिलती है।
बारहवीं शताब्दी में चौहान शासक अर्णोराज (1131-51) ने हरियाणा पर आक्रमण कर तोमरों को पराजित किया। इसी प्रकार बीसलदेव या विग्रहराज छठे ने तोमरों से दिल्ली व हाँसी छीन लिए। अत : 12वीं शताब्दी में हरियाणा पर चौहानों का प्रभुत्व स्थापित हो गया था। दिल्ली पर चौहानों ने एकाधिकार कर लिया था। 1191 ई० में दिल्ली के चौहान शासक पृथ्वी राज चौहान ने मौहम्मद गौरी को पराजित कर दिया था, किन्तु अगले ही वर्ष वह मौहम्मद गौरी के हाथों मारा गया।
1206 ई० में मौहम्मद गौरी के गुलाम कुतुबुद्दीनऐबक ने भारत में गुलाम वंश की नींव डाली। 1265 ई० में गुलाम वंश के शासक बलबन ने हरियाणा के शक्तिशाली मेवों को समाप्त करने का प्रयास किया। 1290 ई० में खिलजी वंश का उदय हुआ। इस वंश के शासक अलाउद्दीनखिलजी ने अपने आर्थिक सुधारों की आड़ में जनमानस का आर्थिक शोषण किया।
तुगलक वंश के शासक फिरोजशाहतुगलक ने हिसार में फतेहाबाद नामक नगर की स्थापना अपने पुत्र फतेहखाँ के नाम पर की। उसने हरियाणा में सिंचाई हेतु अनेक नहरों का भी निर्माण कराया। वर्तमान में फतेहाबाद हरियाणा का एक जिला है।
1398 ई० में तैमूर ने भारत पर आक्रमण कर दिया। तैमूर विजयी होते हुए घग्घर नदी के साथ -साथ हरियाणा में प्रविष्ट हुआ। उसने हरियाणा में काफी सम्पत्ति लूटी । सिरसा, फतेहाबाद, हिसार, करनाल, कैथल, अगध, तुगलकपुर तथा सालवान आदि के पश्चात्पानीपत में उसने खूब लूटपाट की।
1526 ई० में पानीपत के प्रथम युद्ध में मुगल शासक बाबर एवं इब्राहीम लोदी आपस में टकराए। इसमें बाबर विजयी रहा तथा उसने भारत में मुगल साम्राज्य की नींव डाली। पानीपत के पश्चात् बाबर ने सरलतापूर्वक दिल्ली पर भी अधिकार कर लिया।
1504 ई० में शेरशाह ने बाबर के पुत्र हुमायूँ से हरियाणा को छीन लिया। शेरशाह ने कतिपय आर्थिक सुधार भी किए जिनसे किसानों की दशा में सुधार हुआ। शेरशाह की मृत्यु के उपरान्त हुमायूँ ने पुन : इस प्रदेश पर अधिकार कर लिया। हुमायूँ के पुत्र अकबर के शासनकाल के दौरान हेमचन्द्र (हेमू) रेवाड़ी का शासक था। वह अकबर के सबसे बड़े शत्रुओं में से एक था। पानीपत के द्वितीय युद्ध (1556 ई०) में अकबर के जनरल बैरमखाँ तथा मोहम्मद आदिल शाह ने हेमू को पराजित कर दिया। अकबर के उपरान्त शाहजहाँ और औरंगजेब ने हरियाणा प्रदेश पर शासन किया। औरंगजेब की धार्मिक बर्बरता के कारण नारनौल में सतनामियों ने उसका प्रबल विरोध किया। 3 मार्च, 1707 को औरंगजेब की मृत्यु के पश्चात् धीरे-धीरे मुगल साम्राज्य का पतन हो गया। 1753 से 1757 ई० तक हरियाणा मराठों के अधीन रहा।
1761 ई० में विदेशी आक्रांता अहमद शाह अब्दाली तथा मराठा शासकों के मध्य पानीपत का तीसरा युद्ध लड़ा गया। इस युद्ध में मराठों की पराजय से ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को भारत में विस्तार करने का अवसर मिल गया। अहमद शाह अब्दालीअपने देश लौटते समय हरियाणा का उत्तरी भाग अम्बाला, जींद, कुरूक्षेत्र, करनाल, सरहिन्द के गवर्नर जैन खाँ को सौंप गया।
सन् 1798 में लॉर्ड वेलेजली ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का गवर्नर बनकर आया और उसने अपने विस्तारवादी योजना को मूर्त रूप देना आरंभ किया। वर्ष 1803 में हरियाणा व दिल्ली कंपनी के शासन के अधीन आ गए। 30 सितम्बर, 1803 को सर्जी अर्जन की सन्धि के अन्तर्गतदौलतरावसिन्धिया ने अंग्रेजों को अपने अधिकृत क्षेत्रों के अतिरिक्त हरियाणा भी दे दिया।
हरियाणा में गुड़गाँव के मेव, अहीर व गूजरों ने, रोहतक के जाटों और संघड़ों ने, हिसार के विश्नोई और जाटों, करनाल व कुरूक्षेत्र के राजपूत, रोड, सैनी और सिखों ने अंग्रेजों का प्रबल विरोध किया था। अन्तत: 1809-1810 तक अंग्रेजों ने समस्त हरियाणा पर अपना प्रभुत्व स्थापित कर लिया|
ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की शोषणकारी गतिविधियों के विरूद्ध हरियाणा की जनता में अत्यधिक असंतोष था। अत : 1857 ई० में यह असंतोष क्रांति के रूप में फूट पड़ा। इस क्रांति के अनेक कारण थे जिनमें से मुख्य था सेना में एनफील्डरायफल का प्रयोग। इसके कारतूस में गाय व सूअर की चर्बी का प्रयोग किया जाता था। रायफल में डालते समय इस कारतूस को मुँह से काटना पड़ता था। यह खबर तीव्रता से सैनिकों में फैली। परिणामस्वरूप 1857 ई० की क्रांति हुई। इन कारतूसों ने हिन्दू व मुसलमानों की धार्मिक भावनाओं को भारी क्षति पहुँचाई थी।
भारतीय सैनिकों ने इस विषय पर अंग्रेज उच्च अधिकारियों से भी अपील की थी, किंन्तु इसका कोई लाभ नहीं हुआ। अत: योजनागत रूप से भारतीय सैनिकों ने 10 मई, 1857 ई० को अम्बाला में विद्रोह कर दिया। 11 मई,1857 को मेरठ में इस चिंगारी ने क्रांति को हवा दी, परिणामस्वरूप मेरठ सहित सम्पूर्ण उत्तर भारत विद्रोह की ज्वाला में जल उठा। बल्लभगढ़ के राजा नाहन सिंह ने दिल्ली में क्रांतिकारियों का नेतृत्व किया। 1857 के विद्रोह में जिन सिपाहियों ने भाग लिया उनमें से अधिकतर हरियाणा के गुड़गांव, रोहतक व हिसार जिले के थे। हरियाणा के रामकृष्ण गोपाल मेरठ विद्रोह के दौरान मेरठ के नायब कोतवाल थे। जींद, कलसिया, बुड़िया जैसी देसी रियासतों एवं अम्बाला व थानेसर के कुछ क्षेत्रों को छोड़कर सम्पूर्ण हरियाणा विद्रोह की ज्वाला में जल रहा था। साम्प्रदायिक सहयोग व एकता इस विद्रोह की विशेषता थी। जून, 1857 तक लगभग संपूर्ण हरियाणा ब्रिटिश शासन से स्वतंत्र हो चुका था।
1857 की क्रांति के कुछ महान क्रान्तिकारी थे-राव तुलाराम (रेवाड़ी), नाहर सिंह (वल्लभगढ़), मिर्जा मुनीरबेग (हाँसी), मोहनसिंह (माधोपुर), अचूर्रहमानखाँ (स्तर), नवाब अहमद अली गुलाम खां (फर्रूखनगर), नवाब नूर समन्दखाँ (रानिया सिरसा), राव किशन गोपाल (नंगल पठानी), लाला हुकुमचन्द जैन (हाँसी), नवाब बहादुर जंग खाँ (बहादुरगढ़) ।
6 माह में अंग्रेज पुन: अपनी सत्ता स्थापित करने में सफल हुए। हरियाणा की जींद रियासत ने 1857 की जन-क्रांति मैं अंग्रेजों को महत्वपूर्ण सहयोग दिया। देसी रियासतों की सहायता से अंग्रेजों ने विद्रोहियों/क्रांतिकारियों को क्रूरतापूर्वक कुचल दिया।
राय बहादुर मुरलीधर के प्रयास से 1886 ई० में अम्बाला में कांग्रेस की एक शाखा स्थापित हुई। लाला लाजपत राय ने 1887 ई० में हिसार में कांग्रेस की शाखा बनाई। 12 अक्टूबर, 1888 ई० के दिन रोहतक में काँग्रेस की प्रथम सार्वजनिक सभा आयोजित की गई। इस सभा की अध्यक्षता तुर्राबाजखाँ ने की। राय बहादुर मुरलीधर, लाला लाजपत राय, शादी लाल, दुनीचन्द, बालमुकुन्द गुप्त, छबीलदास, दीन दयाल शर्मा, गौरी शंकर, चूड़ामणि आदि नेताओं ने कांग्रेस के अधिवेशन में भाग लिया।
सामाजिक क्षेत्र में हिसार के लाला लाजपत राय ने आर्य समाज को समर्थन दिया वहीं झज्जर के पं. दीन दयाल शर्मा ने सनातन धर्म को लोकप्रिय बनाया। पंजाब केसरी लाला लाजपत राय ने जिला हिसार को अपना राजनीतिक व सामाजिक कार्यक्षेत्र बनाया। उनकी बढ़ती लोकप्रियता को देख पंजाब के उपराज्यपाल डेरिल अष्टसन के कहने पर भारत के वायसराय मिन्टो ने अंतत: 9 मई, 1907 ई० को देश से निर्वासन का आदेश देकर माण्डले (म्यांमार) भेज दिया। सम्पूर्ण हरियाणा में विरोध के फलस्वरूप अंग्रेजों ने 14 नवम्बर, 1907 ई० को उन्हें रिहा कर दिया। हरियाणा के प्रसिद्ध पत्रकार बालमुकुन्द गुप्त ने इस काल में अंग्रेजों पर अपनी लेखनी द्वारा तीव्र प्रहार किये हैं।
1909 ई० के मार्ले -मिंटो सुधारों के अन्तर्गतरोहतक, हिसार तथा गुड़गांव क्षेत्र से हिसार के रायबहादुर जवाहरलाल भार्गव, करनाल से मौलवी अचूल गनी पंजाब विधानसभा के लिए चयनित हुए। प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान हरियाणा में नेकीराम शर्मा, तिलक आदि ने अंग्रेजी सेना में सैनिक भर्ती का विरोध किया था। रोलेटएक्ट का विरोध करने के कारण 8 अप्रैल, 1919 के दिन गाँधीजी को हरियाणा के पलवल में गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया था। उनकी गिरफ्तारी से पूरे हरियाणा में शोक था। 4 सितम्बर, 1920 को कोलकाता में लाला लाजपत राय की अध्यक्षता में कांग्रेस ने असहयोग आन्दोलन का प्रस्ताव पारित किया। इस आन्दोलन के लिए पहली सभा पानीपत में तथा उसके पश्चात भिवानी में आयोजित की गई।
1923 ई० में फजली हुसैन व चौधरी छोटूराम ने पंजाब में ‘पंजाब युनियनिस्ट पार्टी’ की स्थापना की। कालांतर में यूनियनिस्ट पार्टी ने हरियाणा के राजनीतिक इतिहास में सक्रिय भूमिका निभाई। यूनियनिस्ट पार्टी को लोकप्रिय बनाने के लिए चौधरी छोटूराम ने जमींदारीलीग नामक जोरदार अभियान भी चलाया। 1937 ई० के चुनाव में सिकन्दर हयात के नेतृत्व में यूनियनिस्ट पार्टी ने पंजाब (हरियाणा सम्मिलित) में सरकार बनाई। 1942 ई० में हरियाणा के कोने-कोने में भारत छोड़ो आदोलन छेड़ा गया। आजाद हिन्द फौज के शूरवीर मेजर सूरजमल ने मणिपुर की भूमि पर पहला तिरंगा लहराया।
1947 ई० में जब भारत स्वतंत्र हुआ तो हरियाणा पंजाब में सम्मिलित था। कुछ ही वर्षों में हिन्दी भाषी क्षेत्र के लोगों को यह अनुभव होने लगा कि पंजाब में उनकी उपेक्षा की जा रही है। 1955 ई० में भारत सरकार द्वारा गठित राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग ने पंजाब विभाजन को अस्वीकार कर दिया। साथ ही यह भी सिफारिश की कि पटियाला व पूर्वी पंजाब के इस भाग को पंजाब क्षेत्र तथा महेन्द्रगढ़ व जीन्द को हरियाणा क्षेत्र में शामिल कर लिया जाए।
इससे पूर्व 1925 ई० में अखिल भारतीय मुस्लिम लीग के पीरजादा मुहम्मद हुसैन ने हरियाणा को पंजाब से पृथक कर दिल्ली में सम्मिलित करने की माँग की थी। 1928 ई० में काँग्रेस ने भी कुछ ऐसी ही माँग की थी। 1948 ई० में सहसा मास्टर तारा सिंह ने अपने समाचार पत्र अजीत में सिख राज्य की माँग की जिससे हिन्दी भाषी क्षेत्र के लोगों की भावनाओं को ठेस पहुँची।
वर्ष 1965 में भारत सरकार ने लोकसभा अध्यक्ष सरदार हुक्म सिंह की अध्यक्षता में पंजाब विभाजन पर विचार करने के लिए एक संसदीय समिति का गठन किया। समिति की सिफरिश के आधार पर 1966 ई० में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश श्री जे. सी. शाह की अध्यक्षता में पंजाब सीमा आयोग का गठन किया गया। आयोग द्वारा सीमांकन के आधार पर सातवें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा हरियाणा राज्य का गठन किया गया।
1 नवंबर, 1966 को देश के सत्रहवें राज्य के रूप में हरियाणा का जन्म हुआ। संयुक्त पंजाब का 35.18 प्रतिशत भाग हरियाणा में आया। श्री धर्मपाल को हरियाणा का प्रथम राज्यपाल नियुक्त किया गया। पंजाब विधानसभा से हरियाणा के विधायकों को पृथक कर हरियाणा विधानसभा का गठन किया गया। विधानसभा में कांग्रेस सदस्यों द्वारा पं. भगवत दयाल शर्मा को अपना नेता चुना गया। अत: बहुमत का समर्थन प्राप्त कर पं. भगवत दयाल शर्मा हरियाणा के प्रथम मुख्यमंत्री बन गए।
नवंबर, 1966 में हरियाणा में 7 जिले थे। इनमें करनाल, अम्बाला, रोहतक, गुड़गाँव, महेन्द्रगढ़, जींद व हिसार शामिल थे। कालांतर में नए जिलों का निर्माण होता गया, फलस्वरूप हरियाणा में जिलों की संख्या 21 तक पहुँच गई है। 15 अगस्त, 2008 को पलवल हरियाणा का 21वां जिला बना।
आज हरियाणा की गिनती भारत के विकसित राज्यों में की जाती है, जिसका खाद्यान्न उत्पादन 178 लाख टन प्रतिवर्ष से भी अधिक है तथा इसके अनेक जिले जैसे गुड़गांव, पानीपत, अम्बाला, हिसार, बहादुरगढ़ आदि औद्योगिक केन्द्र बन चुके हैं।

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